7#M:gKv\ \ eeeeff/f/f/ fOf_"fffxf/g g5g~*geg~gK3g~g~gg~g~g~g~g~g~Sec 85 book b 03-18-95 Sec 85 wk book a 03-14-95 SECTION 85 PAVEMENT MARKERS 851.01Description.This work shall consist of furnishing and placing pavement markers and constructing pavement recesses at the locations shown on the plans or where directed by the Engineer. The markers shall conform to the shape, dimensions and tolerances shown on the plans. Pavement markers shall be of the type and color shown on the plans or specified in these specifications and the special provisions. Reflective pavement markers shall be placed in pavement recesses when specified in the special provisions. Pavement recesses shall be Type1 or Type2 as required by the plans and shall be constructed to the shape and dimensions shown on the plans. 851.02Type of Markers.Pavement markers shall conform to one or more of the following types: Type ANon-Reflective White Markers Type AYNon-Reflective Yellow Markers Type CRed-Clear Reflective Markers Type D2-Way Yellow Reflective Markers Type GOne-Way Clear Reflective Markers Type HOne-Way Yellow Reflective Markers Certificates of compliance shall be furnished for pavement markers as specified in the special provisions. 851.03Sampling, Tolerances and Packaging.Pavement markers shall conform to the following sampling, tolerance and packaging requirements: A. Sampling.Twenty markers selected at random will constitute a representative sample for each lot consisting of 10000 markers or less. Forty markers will constitute a representative sample for lots consisting of more than 10000 markers. For sampling purposes the lot size shall not exceed 25000 markers. B. Tolerances. 1. Three test specimens shall be randomly selected from the sample for each test except as noted in 2 below, and tested for compliance in accordance with these specifications. Should any one of the 3 specimens fail to comply with the requirements of these specifications, 6 additional specimens will be tested. The failure of any one of these 6 specimens shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot or shipment represented by the sample. 2. The entire sample of reflective pavement markers shall be tested for reflectance. The failure of 10 percent or more of the original sampling shall be cause for rejection. 3. At the discretion of the Engineer, a resample may be taken consisting of double the number of samples originally taken. Tolerances for resamples shall be in the same ratio as specified above. C. Packaging.Shipments shall be made in containers which are acceptable to common carriers and packaged in such a manner as to ensure delivery in perfect condition. Any damaged shipments shall be replaced by the Contractor. Each package shall be clearly marked as to the name of the manufacturer, type, color, quantity enclosed, lot number, and date of manufacture. 851.035Storage.Markers shall be stored indoors, and shall be protected from any source of moisture both during shipment to the jobsite and at the jobsite. The markers shall be maintained at a high enough temperature as to preclude moisture condensation, and, at the time of placement, both the markers and their containers shall be dry. 851.04Non-Reflective Pavement Markers.Non-reflective pavement markers (Types A and AY) shall be, at the option of the Contractor, either ceramic or plastic conforming to these specifications. 851.04ANon-Reflective Pavement Markers (Ceramic).Ceramic non-reflective pavement markers Types A and AY shall consist of a heat-fired, vitreous, ceramic base and a heat-fired, opaque, glazed surface to produce the properties required in these specifications. The markers shall be produced from any suitable combination of intimately mixed clays, shales, talcs, flints, feldspars, or other inorganic material which will meet the properties herein required. The markers shall be thoroughly and evenly matured and free from defects which affect appearance or serviceability. The bottom of the ceramic markers shall be free from gloss or glaze and shall have areas of integrally formed protrusions projecting from the surface which will increase the effective bonding surface area of adhesive. The faces of the protrusions shall not deviate more than 1.5mm from a flat surface. The areas of protrusion shall have faces parallel to the bottom of the marker and shall project approximately onemm from the bottom. The area of protrusions shall constitute a minimum of 30 percent of the area of the bottom of the marker and shall increase the bonding surface area by a minimum of 24 percent. To facilitate forming and mold release, the sides of the protruded area may be tapered. This taper shall not exceed 15 degrees from perpendicular to the marker bottom. Ceramic type non-reflective pavement markers shall conform to the following finish and testing requirements: 1.FinishThe top surface of the marker shall be convex and the radius of curvature shall be between 90 and 150mm except that the radius of the 15mm nearest the edge may be less. Any change in curvature shall be gradual. The top and sides shall be smooth and free of mold marks, pits, indentations, air bubbles, or other objectionable marks or discolorations. 2.Tests.All tests shall be performed in accordance with California Test 669. Test Requirement a. Adhesive bond strength to bottom surface of the marker using adhesives specified in Sections 95-2.05, Standard Set Epoxy Adhesive for Pavement Markers, and 95-2.04, Rapid Set Epoxy Adhesive for Pavement Markers. 4.8MPa min. b. Glaze thickness 180ʵm min. c. Hardness (Moh) 6 min. d. Directional reflectance (Type A, white markers only) Glazed surface 75 min. Body of marker 65 min. e. Yellowness index (Type A, white markers only) Glazed surface 7 max. Body of marker 16 max. f. Color (Type AY, yellow markers only) Purity 76% to 96% Dominant wave length 579 to 585nm Total luminous reflectance (Y valuex100) 41 min. g. Autoclave resistance Glaze shall not spall, craze or peel h. Strength 6700N min. i. Water absorption 2.0% max. 851.04BNon-Reflective Pavement Markers (Plastic).Plastic non-reflective pavement markers Types A and AY shall be, at the option of the Contractor, either polyester or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic type. Polyester non-reflective pavement markers shall consist of polyester resin binder, inert organic filler material and colorant pigments and shall conform to the requirements of the third paragraph of Section 85-1.04A, Non-Reflective Pavement Markers (Ceramic), except the requirement for adhesive bond strength in Test a shall be 3.3MPa minimum and Tests b, c, g, and i shall not apply. ABS non-reflective pavement markers shall consist of ABS plastic conforming to ASTM Designation: D4673, Designation ABS122, and shall conform to the requirements of the third paragraph of Section 85-1.04A, except Tests a, b, c, g, and i shall not apply. The bottom of ABS plastic pavement markers shall be configured to produce a structural bond with the pavement. 851.05Reflective Pavement Markers.Reflective pavement markers shall be of the prismatic reflector type consisting of methyl methacrylate or suitably compounded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) shell filled with a mixture of an inert thermosetting compound and filler material. The exterior surface of the shell shall be smooth and contain one or two methyl methacrylate prismatic reflector faces of the color specified. The infrared curves of the compounded methyl methacrylate or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene shells shall match approved curves on file in the Transportation Laboratory. The reflective lens shall not contain any voids or air space and the back of the lens shall be metallized. The shell shall be fabricated in a manner that will provide a mechanical interlock between the thermosetting compound and the shell. The thermosetting compound shall bond directly to the backside of the metallized lens surface. The base of the marker shall be flat (the deviation from a flat surface shall not exceed 1.5mm), rough textured and free from gloss or substances which may reduce its bond to the adhesive. Reflective pavement markers shall conform to the following color and testing requirements: A. Color.The color of the reflectors, when illuminated by the white light from a sealed-beam automobile headlight as defined in the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard J 578, shall be an approved clear, yellow or red color as designated. Off-color reflection shall constitute grounds for rejection. The daylight color of the marker body shall be compatible with the color of the primary lens, and shall be subject to approval by the Engineer. B. Tests.All tests shall be performed in accordance with California Test 669. Test Requirement 1. Adhesive bond strength to bottom surface of the marker using adhesives specified in Sections 95-2.05, Standard Set Epoxy Adhesive for Pavement Markers, and 95-2.04, Rapid Set Epoxy Adhesive for Pavement Markers 3.4MPa min. 2. Reflectance Specific Intensity Clear Yellow Red 0 Incidence Angle, min. 3.0 1.5 0.75 20 Incidence Angle, min. 1.2 0.60 0.30 3. Strength 8900N min. 4. Water Soak Resistance No delamination of the body or lens system of the marker nor loss of reflectance. Failure of the marker body or filler material prior to reaching 3.4MPa in the bond strength test 1 above shall constitute a failing bond strength test. Deformation of the marker of more than 3mm at a load of less than 8900N or delamination of the shell and the filler material of more than 3mm regardless of the load required to break the marker shall be cause for rejection of the markers as specified in Section 85-1.03, Sampling, Tolerances and Packaging. Pavement markers to be placed in pavement recesses shall conform to the above requirements for reflective pavement markers except that the strength requirement shall not apply and the specific intensity requirements for reflectance of clear and yellow reflectors shall apply after abrading the lens surface in accordance with the Steel Wool Abrasion Procedure as follows: Steel Wool Abrasion ProcedureForm a 25mm diameter flat pad using No. 3 coarse steel wool conforming to Federal Specification FF-W-1825. Place the steel wool pad on the reflector lens. Apply a load of 20kg and rub the entire lens surface 100 times. 851.055Adhesives.Rapid Set Type epoxy adhesive shall conform to the requirements in Section 95-2.04. Hot melt bituminous adhesive shall conform to the following: Specification ASTM Designation Requirement Flash Point, COC, C D92 290 Min. Softening Point, C D36 95 Min. Brookfield Thermosel Viscosity, Pas, No. 27 Spindle, 20RPM, 205C D4402 3  6 Penetration, mm, 100 g, 5 seconds, 25C D5 1.02.0 Filler Content, percent by mass (Insoluble in 1,1,1 Trichloroethane) D2371 65 - 75 Filler material used in bituminous adhesive shall be TypePC, Grade III, calcium carbonate conforming to the requirements of ASTM Designation: D1199, and shall conform to the following fineness: Sieve Sizes Percentage Passing 150m 100 75m 95 45m 75 851.06Placement.Except as otherwise provided in this Section 85-1.06, pavement markers shall be cemented to the pavement with hot melt bituminous adhesive or Rapid Set Type epoxy adhesive. In areas of new construction where the markers are protected from all traffic, including the Contractors vehicles, Standard Set Type adhesive conforming to Section 95-2.05 may be used. The protection from all traffic shall be for at least 3 hours after marker placement when the average ambient temperature is 13C or above, at least 24 hours when the temperature is between 5C and 13C, and at least 48 hours when the temperature is 5C or below. The Engineer shall be the judge as to when adhesive has set sufficiently to bear traffic. All work necessary to establish satisfactory alignment for placing pavement markers shall be performed by the Contractor. Reflective markers shall be placed in such manner that the reflective face of the marker is perpendicular to a line parallel to the roadway centerline. No pavement markers shall be placed over longitudinal or transverse joints of the pavement surface. Pavement markers shall not be placed on new asphalt concrete surfacing or seal coat until the surfacing or seal coat has been opened to public traffic for a period of not less than 7 days when hot melt bituminous adhesive is used, and not less than 14 days when epoxy adhesive is used. Pavement markers shall not be placed using hot melt bituminous adhesive when the pavement or air temperature is 10C or less. Pavement markers shall not be placed using epoxy adhesives when either the pavement or the air temperature is 0C or less. Regardless of the type of adhesive used, markers shall not be placed when the pavement is not surface dry. Epoxy adhesive shall not be used to apply non-reflective ABS plastic pavement markers. Hot melt bituminous adhesive shall be heated indirectly in an applicator with continuous agitation or recirculation. Bituminous adhesive shall not be heated above the maximum safe heating temperature recommended by the manufacturer and shall not be applied at temperatures greater than 220C nor less than 190C. Epoxy adhesive requires that the mixing operation and placing of the markers be done rapidly. When hand mixing the Standard Set Type epoxy adhesive, not more than one liter shall be mixed at one time, and the markers shall be aligned and pressed into place within 5 minutes after mixing operations are started. Any mixed batch of epoxy adhesive which becomes so viscous that the adhesive cannot be readily extruded from under the marker on application of slight pressure shall not be used. Rapid Set Type epoxy adhesive shall not be mixed by hand. The Rapid Set Type epoxy adhesive shall be mixed by a 2-component type automatic mixing and extrusion apparatus. When machine mixing the Standard Set Type epoxy adhesive or the Rapid Set Type epoxy adhesive, the markers shall be placed within 60 seconds after the epoxy adhesive has been mixed and extruded and no further movement of the marker will be allowed. In addition, no more than 90 seconds shall be permitted between the time the epoxy adhesive is pumped into the mixing head and the time this adhesive is in place on the roadway and not subject to further movement. The mixed epoxy adhesive shall not remain in the mixing head for more than 45 seconds. Epoxy adhesive remaining in the mixing head longer than this period shall be wasted before resuming the operation. Automatic mixing equipment for the epoxy adhesive shall use positive displacement pumps and shall properly meter the 2 components in the specified ratio, 5 percent by volume of either component. At the beginning of each day and at any other time ordered by the Engineer, the ratio of the 2 components of the epoxy adhesive shall be checked by the Contractor in the presence of the Engineer. This check shall be made by disconnecting the mixing heads, or using suitable bypass valves, and filling 2 suitable containers with the unmixed components. The mixing head shall properly mix the 2 components so that there is no trace of black or white streaks in the mixed material. Voids in a cured, undisturbed sample of the mixed epoxy adhesive obtained from the extrusion nozzle, shall not exceed 4 percent. The portion of the highway surface to which the marker is to be bonded shall be free of dirt, curing compound, grease, oil, moisture, loose or unsound layers, paint and any other material which would adversely affect the bond of the adhesive. Cleaning shall be done by blast cleaning on all surfaces regardless of age or type, except that blast cleaning of clean, new asphalt concrete and clean, new seal coat surfaces will not be required when hot melt bituminous adhesive is used. Adhesive shall be placed uniformly on the pavement surface or on the bottom of the marker in a quantity sufficient to result in complete coverage of the area of contact of the marker with no voids present and with a slight excess after the marker has been pressed in place. The marker shall be placed in position and pressure applied until firm contact is made with the pavement. When hot melt bituminous adhesive is used, the markers shall be placed immediately after application of the adhesive. Excess adhesive around the edge of the marker, excess adhesive on the pavement, and adhesive on the exposed surfaces of the markers shall be immediately removed. Soft rags moistened with mineral spirits conforming to Federal Specification TT-T-291 or kerosene may be used, if necessary, to remove adhesive from exposed faces of pavement markers. No other solvent shall be used. The marker shall be protected against impact until the adhesive has hardened to the degree designated by the Engineer. 851.07Pavement Recesses.Pavement recesses shall be located along the line or lines of new or existing stripes. Pavement recesses shall be constructed in new or existing pavement. The method of recess construction shall be selected by the Contractor. Equipment for recess construction shall be power-operated, mechanical and capable of removing the pavement to the dimensions shown on the plans. Residue shall be removed from the roadbed by use of vacuum equipment. Residue from removal operations shall not be permitted to flow across the pavement nor to flow into gutters or other drainage facilities. Residue shall be removed from pavement surfaces before the residue is blown by action of traffic or wind. All removed material shall be disposed of outside the highway right of way in accordance with the provisions in Section 7-1.13. Recesses shall not be constructed on existing structures. 851.08Measurement.The quantity of reflective and non-reflective pavement markers will be measured as units determined from actual count in place. Reflective pavement markers placed in pavement recesses will be measured and paid for as pavement marker (reflective-recessed). 851.09Payment.The contract unit prices paid for pavement marker (reflective) and pavement marker (non-reflective) shall include full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals, and for doing all the work involved in furnishing and placing pavement markers, complete in place, including adhesives, and establishing alignment for pavement markers, as shown on the plans, as specified in these specifications and the special provisions, and as directed by the Engineer. The contract unit price paid for pavement marker (reflective-recessed) shall include full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals, and for doing all the work involved in furnishing and placing reflective pavement markers in pavement recesses, complete in place, including adhesives, constructing the recesses regardless of the type of recess required, and removing and disposing of residue from recess construction, as shown on the plans, as specified in these specifications and the special provisions, and as directed by the Engineer. SECTION 85 PAVEMENT MARKERS PAVEMENT MARKERS SECTION 85 (85-) (85-) PAVEMENT MARKERS SECTION 85 (85-) }?5 ective bonding surface area of adhesive. The faces of the protrusions shall not deviate more than 1.5mm from a flat surface. 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